Ryan Hedrich's third place essay
The following is Ryan Hedrich's third place essay.
Speculations Hammered: The Word of Truth, Asserted and Vindicated
Ryan Hedrich
It is the
ground of knowledge rather than the instrumental cause of justification that
the modern evangelical community must seek to defend against a post-modern
world. This new enemy to the faith is no more threat to epistemic truth than
were the religious sophists of the Reformation; rather, its philosophical
appeal to atheistic and theistic society alike stems from egoistic seduction.
Whether one is an empiricist, rationalist, or existentialist, the popularity of
postmodernism lies in its common pledge to the individual: namely, the
authority to “[erect] an independent criterion of what is worthy of worship”
(Clark 190). Having recognized that the god of this world is focalizing his
attacks upon that alone which “cannot be broken” (John 10:35), Gordon Clark compiled a
series of articles to safeguard the Christian’s assurance in the inspiration,
infallibility, sufficiency, perspicuity, and authority of Scriptural
revelation.
The Evangelical Theological Society was formed specifically to combat the
rising assault on the doctrine of infallibility. The principle statement of the
society is as follows: “The Bible alone and the Bible in its entirety is the
Word of God written, and therefore inerrant in the autographs.” Some professing
Christians and even entire denominations (cf. the United Presbyterian Church)
have departed from this confession, citing that it is either false or an
unnecessary constriction. The society and those who agree with Scriptural
infallibility should not compromise the doctrine for the sake of feigned unity,
but critiques should receive careful attention. If the Bible is contradictory
to truth – archaeological, literary, theological, apologetic, or
otherwise – it cannot be God’s word, because the Bible claims that God
cannot lie (Hebrews 6:18).
All epistemological systems are founded on various first principles; the creed
of the Evangelical Theological Society is the first principle of Christendom.
The purpose of a first principle is to enounce the means by which one purports
to derive knowledge. This poses a unique problem: “”¦if two people do not accept
the same axioms, they will not be convinced by the same proof” (Clark 15);
hence, to censure one first principle because it contradicts another first
principle would be fallacious. One must, therefore, utilize elenctic
argumentation in order to invalidate a first principle. As beneficial as
elenctic argumentation may be in, say, evidencing atheism as incompatible with
moral justice, there are infinitely many first principles one could presume.
So, to conclude that one’s first principle is true on the basis that others’
are false would be a committal of the fallacy of induction. This led Clark to
deduce that “to show the Bible’s logical consistency is”¦the best method of
defending inspiration” (Clark 15). Given the hostility to Christian
fundamentalism, such a demonstration would, perhaps, be as persuasive a
testimony as an evangelist could provide.
For one
whose first principle is essentially that of the Evangelical Theological
Society, the authors of the Bible must claim their written word to be inspired,
infallible, sufficient, perspicuous, and authoritative, or else one must
acknowledge the first principle is not internally consistent. This, Clark
shows, is trivial. Only one who has not carefully studied Scripture could
believe otherwise, for the Bible is full of instances which claim the whole
canon to have been breathed out by God through the prophets and apostles: “The
LORD said to him, ”Who gave man his mouth? Who makes him deaf or mute? Who
gives him sight or makes him blind? Is it not I, the LORD? Now go; I will help
you speak and will teach you what to say’” (Exodus 4:11-12); “All Scripture is
God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in
righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good
work” (2 Timothy
3:16-17); “His divine power has given us everything we need for life and
godliness through our knowledge of him who called us by his own glory and
goodness”¦no prophecy of Scripture came about by the prophet's own
interpretation. For prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God
spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit” (2 Peter 1:3; 20-21).
If common axioms such as empiricism and rationalism are not that by which the
Christian contends to receive knowledge, the question is begged: how is
information accumulated from Scripture? As a theory of language or
communication cannot be isolated from epistemology, a Christian must turn to
Scripture for this as well: “”¦a man can receive only what is given him from
heaven” (John
3:27); “”¦what do you have that you did not receive?” (1 Corinthians 4:7); “And Jesus said to him,
”Blessed are you, Simon Barjona, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to
you, but My Father who is in heaven’” (Matthew 16:17).
Language is predicated on logic, which is to say that words are symbols people
use to convey thoughts. That man is created in God’s image (Genesis 1:27) equips Christians with a
simple answer as to how men can communicate: God is rational, so men are too.
This immediately refutes one who supposes verbal inspiration is inadequate due
to an inherent inability for man to understand divine revelation. Men understand
God’s words because the divinely appointed purpose of language was so that men
can understand God’s words. He who believes otherwise must explain by what
means he knows communication with the divine is impossible. In fact, he must
also explain how communication between men is possible, and this is to demand
that he present a full epistemological foundation.
Scripturalistic occasionalism, on the other hand, easily synthesizes the
soteriology of Calvinism with fallen man’s repugnance to spiritual truth.
Historically, God created man and revealed Himself to man in the garden. Even
before sin corrupted mankind, Adam needed God to guide Him; general revelation
was insufficient, as it could, at best, only provide apprehensive knowledge
about God. Because man fell, the Father made a covenant with man, and had His
prophets write it down so that His Spirit would have an object of revelation to
which He could witness and to which the elect could, upon regeneration,
believe. Christ came and fulfilled the covenant, and so it is written “the Word
became flesh” (John 1:14). Christ’s apostles were likewise instructed to corroborate this
fulfillment through written word. Because men are dead in sin until the Spirit
regenerates them (cf. 1 John 5:1), men know what is true but suppress it (Romans 1:18-32); hence, until or unless
they acknowledge Scripture as authoritative, they cannot justify what they
know.
All Christians believe Scripture is authoritative. Some [professing]
Christians, however, disregard the need for Scriptural infallibility as it
pertains to information perceived to be unrelated to theology. For what reason
do these individuals believe Scripture is authoritative if not because it is
infallible? One can only assume that in the absence of any attempt to support
their belief, their reasons are, like the various arguments they purport
against the infallibility of Scripture, founded on emotions and unsound
thinking. Allegation of contradictions within Scripture, denial that textual
criticism furnishes one with a competent rebuttal to the vituperative
conception that one cannot exercise historical-grammatical exegesis without the
original autographs of Scripture, arguments from silence (for instance, present
lack of archaeological support for a particular Biblical passage) – these
and other [indirect] attacks upon the doctrine of infallibility serve only to
undermine an alleged belief in the authoritativeness of Scripture.
One can even make these criticisms under the guise that Christian doctrine
should be taken from Scripture. Dr. James Mays is one such example. Ignoring
what is written in Scripture respecting its own inspiration, infallibility, and
sufficiency, Dr. Mays, who is not a Eastern or Roman Catholic, fairly
represents the community of “Christian” liberalism when he attacks the
perspicuity of Scripture on the grounds that it a lacks an extant, infallible
interpreter. Would Dr. Mays suggest that the reason “Scripture cannot be
broken” (cf. John
10:35) is because men cannot be certain what is the meaning of the content of
Scripture? Has Dr. Mays read Psalm 119? Furthermore, arguing on such grounds implies that the
necessity of prior, infallible interpreters extends ad infinitum. If this were the case, it is
inescapably irrational for him to write any sort of objection to the doctrine
of perspicuity, which could [apparently] be misunderstood – for one would
assume Dr. Mays thinks of his writing as no more perspicuous than that which he
claims to be authoritative – as support for the doctrine of perspicuity.
Or, if at some point Dr. Mays might explain what he believes is requisite for a
source to be self-evidently clear, as well as his reasons for believing such,
only then can one examine what justification he has in claiming Scripture needs
an infallible interpreter.
Unfortunately, Dr. Mays does not follow his premises to the logical conclusion,
and it is unnecessary to speculate further when the witness of the Holy Spirit
and the self-attestation of Scripture grant insuperable security to the
believer. What statements we can derive from Scripture about the nature of
Scripture should be considered doctrinal; as all Scripture is said to
God-breathed, and as God cannot lie, the perception that Scriptural information
can be unrelated to theology is fallacious. Clark concludes that the authority
of the Bible is necessarily predicated on whether or not it is infallible: “If
the Bible is mistaken on geography, which ought to have been easy for the
writers to put down correctly, it might very well be mistaken on theology,
which is much more difficult than geography” (121). Of course, one could insert
any field of study for “geography” and the point would be the same. The Bible
is God’s revealed word, or it is a sham. No middle ground exists.
Those who deny Bible is the word of God yet maintain it contains word of God
must not regard the Bible as authoritative, for the real authority would become
whatever criterion they would use to discern what is and is not God’s word. If
one does not trust that He who cannot swear by anything higher (Hebrews 6:13) is capable of competently
articulating His thoughts to men, what “knowledge” one does claim to derive
from His word is not necessarily divine revelation. To suppose that man through
reason can with more clarity understand God than God’s own self-revelation
defeats the purpose of revelation. Thus, those who do not believe Scripture is
infallible yet claim to accept all other orthodox doctrines are suspect. Why
should other doctrines not be doubted? Again, what is the criterion by which
such a person has judged which doctrines to be true and which to be false? The
simple answer is: subjectivism.
One attempt to supplant infallibility with a new criterion by which we know
what is true was made by a former member of the Evangelical Theological
Society: whatever “spiritual need” is most pressing should be given priority
(Clark 61). In that case, what could be “true” for one could be false for
another. Religion becomes subjective. The decree to evangelize becomes
subjective. One could live in sin and dismiss rebuke as equally viable
alternative interpretations of Scripture. For what sinner knows what he
spiritually needs except through conviction by a trustworthy source?
Uncertainty cannot yield certainty. The skeptic, left without an infallible
source for the justification of knowledge, must reason autonomously. Sadly,
such subterfuge is present in the “apologetic” of many professing Christians.
Several objections to the doctrine of verbal inspiration yet remain currently
in favor amongst subjectivists. For instance, in his book, The Inspiration
of Scripture, Dr.
Beegle criticizes the doctrine of verbal plenary inspiration on the ground it
doesn’t rely on the scientific method. Notwithstanding the test of internal
consistency, which Dr. Beegle seems to overlook, it would seem he subjugates
God’s Word to an empiricist's first principle. As no attempt is made to justify
Empiricism, however, it is baffling for one to consider what reasons Dr. Beegle
might have had for making such a statement.
The dictation theory charges that the doctrine implies God mechanically imposed
His will onto men such that they became mere mediums through which His word was
proclaimed. This functions as a facade to substantiate a general, underlying
incrimination; to wit, that a determinative world-view is incompatible with the
doctrine of the will of man. Of course, Christians reject the accusation that
organic and dynamic composition of Scripture is incompatible with verbal
inspiration, for verbal inspiration must itself be understood within the
context of the rest of Scripture. God is sovereign: He made each and every
author of Scripture and ordained circumstances such that each author acquired
different styles of writing. The idea that a parallel exists between God and
His prophets and a boss and his stenographer does no justice to God’s
sovereignty. The former is unique in that “an inner union, an identity of
purpose, [and] a cooperation of will” inheres in the relationship between God
and His appointed (Clark 44).
Another accusation leveled against the doctrine of verbal inspiration
essentially declares [religious] language to be entirely metaphorical. Some,
such as Mr. Hamilton, believe words are originated mythically despite Scripture
rejection of such a concept. Because Hamilton does not substantiate this
proposition, one need not bother to respond to his conclusion, that
communication between men and God is unintelligible. Most of those who believe
in linguistic relativism are existentialists who wish to relieve themselves of
the “burden” of defending the doctrine of Scriptural infallibility while yet
avowing Scriptural authority. What actually happens is that Scripture is
stripped of objective meaning and in place God is said to communicate through
metaphor, image, and myth. Curiously, some such relativists think it matters
which religion one chooses to follow. But, as Clark notes, “if neither myth is
true literally, if both are equally symbolic, is not the one as satisfactory as
the other?” (Clark 47) Religious subjectivists have ostensibly believed one
myth arbitrarily, or, if based upon religious experience, cannot disallow one
from choosing to be a Muslim or Mormon due to a respectively subjective
religious experience. A more direct discreditation, however, is observable when
one asks what the religious symbolism symbolizes. Let us suppose the crucifix
symbolizes the crucifixion. But if there is no literal truth in the
crucifixion, what does the crucifixion represent? The argument is self-evidently
mired in an infinite regression fallacy.
A final, more radical objection to the doctrine of verbal inspiration is the
positivistic idea all abstract metaphysical concepts are arbitrary. Some refer
to “human logic” so as to distinguish it, somehow, from “divine logic.” Such a
theory is easily defeated, as it cannot support itself without exercising the
law of contradiction. To assert “the law of contradiction is arbitrary” is to
presuppose the law of contradiction, or else another could consistently construe
the assertion to mean “the law of contradiction is not arbitrary.”
Interestingly, as it relates to language, this view is rather similar to Van
Til’s concoction, analogical knowledge, which suggests that there is no
rational basis for communication between God and men. Those who subscribe to
the theory of analogical knowledge argue that men and God cannot know the same
thing, because men’s thoughts are conditioned on He who has no conditions. This
does not follow; that God’s thoughts are higher than our own such that He knows
the whole plan and purpose of His will is not synonymous with a rejection of
univocal knowledge. If knowledge is analogous rather than univocal, what does
it mean for God or man to “know”? Does God not know all things? Why would God
ordain to reveal Himself via inept means? Is He not omnipotent, capable of
creating creatures who can think after His thoughts in a rational manner (cf.
John 1:1-9)? At
best, the theory of analogical knowledge is a gateway to subjectivism, as one
could justify false conceptualizations by petitioning said concept as
representative of Biblical truth. Who and how could one refute such a
postulation? Analogical knowledge necessarily leads to skepticism, and
skepticism, which cannot account for how one knows that one cannot know, is a
self-refuting first principle. Thankfully, the Bible nowhere states truth is
inexpressible.
In the final article of his book, Clark distinguishes between twin biblical
concepts, “time and eternity,” in order to provide a tangible example that one
who rejects the infallibility and authority of Scripture is left with a
worldview which cannot provide a justification for knowledge. This is a
disquisition, which, in keeping with Clark’s uncompromising address, requires
one to define relevant terms with clarity.
It is of the utmost importance that one recognizes an answer to this obligation
cannot be evaded on the ground that man cannot know God or that God cannot know
what we experience, for both objections are unbiblical; the first mocks the
purpose of revelation, and the second denies God’s omniscience. These
objections must resultantly be predicated on reasoning which cannot account for
all possible contingencies. One might wonder whether “man cannot know God” is a
proposition contingent on the veracity of the proposition “ducks can swim” or
“the Protestant canon is fallible.” There are infinitely many such propositions
one could posit, of course, meaning that if one is to know that man cannot know
God, one must be infinitely knowledgeable. Ironically, man must be God if he is
to validly assert that man cannot know God or that God cannot know man. While
each false epistemology is self-refuting in its own right – empiricists
affirm the consequent, intuit no unknown variables have biased data, etc. – this sole argument destroys
natural theology, empiricism, rationalism, existentialism, and any other first
principle which shares the commonality of dependency upon man’s capabilities.
Therefore, not only must one must seek to make plain the concepts of “time” and
“eternity,” but he must also do so within a context that affords him the
assurance that said concepts are accurate depictions of reality. For this
reason, Clark chastises scientists who purport to be able to give a definition
of time apart from divine revelation. Aristotle, for example, postulated that
time is a quantification of a body’s movement from point A to point B. This
begs several questions: what is movement, how can movement be measured, and can
we know that a given measurement is accurate? Only one who is able to account
for all possible variables in an experiment can know that his perception of the
results is veridical. To know that which bears influence in an experiment, one
must know that which does not. As has been demonstrated, however, one must be
infinitely knowledgeable to know that even one alleged fact is true. Such
questions, then, are sufficiently representative to display the numerous
difficulties empiricists – Aristotle, in particular – face. To this
end, the reason secular scientists have not come to an agreement about the
nature of time is ultimately due to the misplacement of authority.
The
church’s failure to unambiguously communicate the concept of time as provided
in Scripture is not a point devoid of interest. Clark notes that theologians
such as Charles Hodge and Oscar Cullman are just two of many who in part depend
upon Aristotle or other extra-biblical sources when attempting to formalize a
Biblical explanation of time. Providentially, repulsion to this synthesis does
exist within the Christian church. Augustine was one of the earliest Christians
to express the Biblical concept of time when he wrote: “It is in thee, my mind,
that I measure times” (Confessions). Essentially, time is the changing of ideas. For instance:
a second would represent an arbitrary unit measure of the interval between
one’s present thought and a thought in one’s past. Because they would have been
able to recall the length of a day from memory, the Israelites could have known
that the sun stayed up for about a day in their victory over the Amorites (Joshua 10:12-13). God, on the other hand,
experiences no temporal succession of thoughts, for God is eternal. His
thoughts are immutable.
One can conclude from this the pragmatic fact that a seemingly inconspicuous
doctrine can, in fact, contribute much to Christian faith. For example, the
clarification in the distinction between time and eternity is such that a
doctrine such as eternal progressionism is revealed to be a contradiction in terms.
Mormonism is thereby refuted. Another application would be that for God to
elect individuals in Christ on the basis of a foreseen faith would require one
to believe that God elects in time. Such a conditional election would
necessitate a succession of thoughts in the mind of God, as God’s knowledge
would, in this context, be contingent on the wills of contingent creatures.
Additional truths could be extrapolated from this, but one is instead compelled
to imagine that Clark’s intention was to show much more information can be
drawn from Scripture than one might guess at first glance. For his intelligent
eschewal of the idle speculations of the world and for so clearly vindicating
the word of truth, Gordon Clark deserves the commendation and thanks of all
those who are still running the race.